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Considering the characteristics of European cities, energy efficiency in historic buildings stands out as one of the main problems for urban policies farsighted. Sara van Rompaey illustrated a simple handbook of strategies and main programs that deal with this issue.
historic buildings (pre 1945) are 10% of building stock
guidelines for simple solutions to avoid irreversible damages
box in a box
interior insulation
roof: invisible insulation
windows: new interior windows; films;
high insulation single glass (expensive)
3encult: http://www.3encult.eu/en/project/welcome/default.html
Building Energy Efficiency in European Cities 
Great presentation – it is indeed a unique problem Europe faces – the balance between maintaining cultural heritage and the battle to become energy efficient.